-- Rystad Energy周五发布的一份白皮书指出,霍尔木兹海峡的关闭正在重塑清洁运输燃料的经济格局和政策,将原本主要关乎脱碳的努力转变为各国政府和行业共同关注的能源安全问题。 Rystad分析师表示,战略水道的中断正在加速对生物燃料、可持续航空燃料以及其他低碳替代能源的投资和政策支持,这些燃料将应用于航运、航空和公路运输领域。 Rystad Energy生物能源副总裁Thomas Heerschap表示:“霍尔木兹危机证明,能源安全和脱碳并非平行发展,而是正在融合,这更加凸显了在各个运输领域使用国产清洁燃料的必要性。” 在航空领域,可持续航空燃料正进入Rystad所描述的“政策驱动型增长阶段”,并得到欧洲、亚洲和美洲相关政策的支持。 预计到2040年,全球可持续航空燃料(SAF)需求将增至约120万桶/日,其中亚洲的增长最为强劲,这主要得益于航空旅行的扩张和各国政府收紧减排目标。 欧洲的ReFuelEU航空法规要求从2025年起,SAF与传统航空燃料的混合比例达到2%,到2030年提高到6%。日本的目标是到本十年末,SAF的使用比例达到10%。 然而,由于中东冲突持续,导致航空燃油价格高企和供应中断,新加坡已将SAF强制掺混比例的实施日期推迟至2027年。 Rystad表示,自2025年底以来,随着中东紧张局势升级导致原油价格飙升,SAF相对于传统航空燃油的溢价已大幅收窄。 由于油价上涨推高了传统航空煤油(Jet A)的价格,其涨幅超过了SAF价格的上涨速度,因此SAF相对于传统航空煤油的溢价在2025年底达到每吨近2150美元的峰值后,已降至每吨约1040美元。 然而,尽管溢价有所收窄,航空公司仍面临燃油成本上涨的压力,导致许多航空公司将可持续航空燃料 (SAF) 的采购量限制在规定范围内,并推迟自愿采购承诺。 能源危机也强化了生物柴油、生物液化天然气 (bio-LNG) 和生物甲醇作为海运传统船用燃料替代品的吸引力,即便国际海事组织 (IMO) 的净零排放框架仍存在监管不确定性。 生物液化天然气被认为是欧洲 FuelEU 海事法规下最具吸引力的近期合规途径之一,但其普及仍受限于船舶准备情况和燃料供应有限。 与此同时,Rystad 表示,新兴经济体正越来越多地利用公路运输生物燃料强制令来减少对进口原油的依赖,并保护本国货币免受油价冲击。 印度、印尼和巴西通过现有的乙醇和生物柴油掺混计划,到2026年可合计避免约280亿美元的石油进口,在高掺混比例情景下,到2028年,这一节省额可能超过330亿美元。 仅印尼的B40生物柴油强制掺混计划,在布伦特原油价格为每桶95美元的情况下,今年就可减少约135亿美元的柴油进口成本;而印度的E20乙醇计划则可避免64亿美元的原油进口。 随着亚洲各国政府日益将生物燃料视为更广泛的能源安全战略的一部分,马来西亚、越南和菲律宾也在扩大掺混比例。 然而,Rystad表示,该行业面临的最大风险是监管的不确定性,这导致投资决策被推迟,而地缘政治紧张局势和脱碳目标却在不断强化对替代燃料产能的需求。
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