-- 中東衝突擾亂了全球原油供應,推高了油價,進而提高了人們對生物燃料益處的認識,從而增強了大豆油等替代燃料原料的長期競爭力。 彭博社週五報道稱,油價高企似乎正在提振生質燃料的需求。聯合國植物油指數較3月上漲5.9%,達到2022年7月以來的最高水準。 一些生物燃料產業分析師告訴,出於國家安全利益的考慮,各國有政治意願在國內生產更多燃料。 CoBank經濟學家Jacqui Fatka表示,世界各國正採取措施,減少對外國石油供應的依賴。 「巴西正像歐洲、印尼和馬來西亞一樣,大力推進乙醇和生物柴油的混合比例。這些國家認識到,提高生物燃料混合比例並非一朝一夕之功,因此需要擴建基礎設施和工廠,以滿足規模化使用的需求。」法特卡在回覆的電子郵件中表示。 由於提高生物燃料混合比例需要時間逐步實現,這些國家正開始擴大基礎設施和工廠。 法特卡指出,現在決定提高生質燃料混合比例意味著石油原料的需求不僅會在短期內增加,而且需要長期發展。 「這可能與伊朗戰爭持續多久無關。如果經濟或政策要求指向更高的使用量,這將成為全球的驅動力,就像美國在3月底設定的未來兩年更高的可再生能源配額義務一樣。」法特卡說。 此外,中東衝突也使得永續航空燃料與噴射燃料相比更具競爭力。 「SAF(永續航空燃料)的價格通常是化石航空燃料的2到5倍。雖然航空燃料價格上漲縮小了兩者之間的差距,但SAF仍然價格昂貴,」Fatka說。 她表示,購買SAF時,買家首先要支付傳統航空燃料的標準成本,作為基準價格。此外,他們還必須為SAF支付額外的溢價。 「伊朗衝突以及由此導致的原油價格飆升可能會促使一些航空公司尋求燃料供應多元化。更高的燃料成本也促使航空公司尋找降低成本差距的方法,」CoBank的經濟學家表示。 Argus Media Consulting Services的首席顧問Zander Capozzola告訴,儘管柴油價格飆升將促使各國考慮提高混合燃料的強制性比例,但大豆油市場的蓬勃發展可能反映了美國生物燃料領域正在發生的變革。 「大豆油市場的故事更與近期創紀錄的生物質柴油強制摻混比例以及美國環保署(EPA)針對2026-2027年制定的可再生燃料標準SET 2規則有關,而非全球混合比例的增加。如果你放眼全球原料價格,就會發現美國大豆油、牛油、廢棄食用油和玉米油的價格漲幅遠超過其他國家,」卡波拉佐油和玉米油的價格漲幅。 美國農業部報告稱,雖然總用量有所下降,但大豆油在生物質柴油生產原料中的佔比在1月份上升至43%,為2023年7月以來的最高水平,比過去12個月的平均水平高出10%,而牛油和菜籽油的使用量則有所減少。 大豆油價格如此強勁的原因在於,從2026年起,其間接土地利用變化(ILUC)懲罰被取消,不再計入45Z信用評分。根據Argus今年的估算,大豆油每加侖可獲得約0.55美元的收益,而去年ILUC懲罰生效時,其收益僅為每加侖0.25美元。 「這項額外的信用價值對於刺激國內大豆油消費至關重要。同時,除墨西哥和加拿大以外的所有外國原料均不符合45Z信用評分的資格,」Capozzola表示。 大豆油價格上漲和生物燃料需求成長的第二個重要因素與D4生質柴油再生識別碼(RIN)的價格密切相關。 「D4 RIN 的價格已突破歷史新高,且沒有放緩的跡象,即使柴油價格下跌,生物燃料行業也能消化更高的原料成本。D4 RIN 的價格在 5 月 1 日突破了 2 美元/RIN 的關卡,」卡波佐拉表示。 D4 積分的強勁表現使得再生柴油利潤率在年初飆升了 185%。 D4 RIN 可用於證明生物基柴油(也稱為 BBD)和乙醇的合規性。 卡波佐拉表示,由於 BBD 強制摻混比例連續創下新高,國內乙醇消費量相對於強制摻混比例的缺口日益擴大,以及 BBD 產能不足,「RIN 的強勁勢頭具有結構性,並將支撐一個非常強勁的大豆油市場,直至 2028 年,屆時美國環保署將考慮第三套方案——制定 2028-202028-202020202020 2020202020202002020 202020202028-20202022。
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