-- 中东冲突扰乱了全球原油供应,推高了油价,进而提高了人们对生物燃料益处的认识,从而增强了大豆油等替代燃料原料的长期竞争力。 彭博社周五报道称,油价高企似乎正在提振生物燃料的需求。联合国植物油指数较3月份上涨5.9%,达到2022年7月以来的最高水平。 一些生物燃料行业分析师告诉,出于国家安全利益的考虑,各国有政治意愿在国内生产更多燃料。 CoBank经济学家Jacqui Fatka表示,世界各国正在采取措施,减少对外国石油供应的依赖。 “巴西正像欧洲、印尼和马来西亚一样,大力推进乙醇和生物柴油的混合比例。这些国家认识到,提高生物燃料混合比例并非一朝一夕之功,因此需要扩建基础设施和工厂,以满足规模化使用的需求。”法特卡在回复的电子邮件中表示。 由于提高生物燃料混合比例需要时间逐步实现,这些国家正开始扩建基础设施和工厂。 法特卡指出,现在决定提高生物燃料混合比例意味着石油原料的需求量不仅会在短期内增加,而且需要长期发展。 “这可能与伊朗战争持续多久无关。如果经济或政策要求指向更高的使用量,这将成为全球的驱动力,就像美国在3月底设定的未来两年更高的可再生能源配额义务一样。”法特卡说道。 此外,中东冲突也使得可持续航空燃料与喷气燃料相比更具竞争力。 “SAF(可持续航空燃料)的价格通常是化石航空燃料的2到5倍。虽然航空燃料价格上涨缩小了两者之间的差距,但SAF仍然价格昂贵,”Fatka说道。 她表示,购买SAF时,买家首先要支付传统航空燃料的标准成本,作为基准价格。此外,他们还必须为SAF支付额外的溢价。 “伊朗冲突以及由此导致的原油价格飙升可能会促使一些航空公司寻求燃料供应多元化。更高的燃料成本也促使航空公司寻找降低成本差距的方法,”CoBank的经济学家表示。 Argus Media Consulting Services的首席顾问Zander Capozzola告诉,尽管柴油价格飙升将促使各国考虑提高混合燃料的强制性比例,但大豆油市场的蓬勃发展可能反映了美国生物燃料领域正在发生的变革。 “大豆油市场的故事更多地与近期创纪录的生物质柴油强制掺混比例以及美国环境保护署(EPA)针对2026-2027年制定的可再生燃料标准SET 2规则有关,而非全球混合比例的增加。如果你放眼全球原料价格,就会发现美国大豆油、牛油、废弃食用油和玉米油的价格涨幅远远超过其他国家,”卡波佐拉说道。 美国农业部报告称,虽然总用量有所下降,但大豆油在生物质柴油生产原料中的占比在1月份上升至43%,为2023年7月以来的最高水平,比过去12个月的平均水平高出10%,而牛油和菜籽油的使用量则有所减少。 大豆油价格如此强劲的原因在于,从2026年起,其间接土地利用变化(ILUC)惩罚被取消,不再计入45Z信用评分。根据Argus今年的估算,大豆油每加仑可获得约0.55美元的收益,而去年ILUC惩罚生效时,其收益仅为每加仑0.25美元。 “这一额外的信用价值对于刺激国内大豆油消费至关重要。与此同时,除墨西哥和加拿大以外的所有外国原料均不符合45Z信用评分的资格,”Capozzola表示。 大豆油价格上涨和生物燃料需求增长的第二个重要因素与D4生物质柴油可再生识别码(RIN)的价格密切相关。 “D4 RIN 的价格已突破历史新高,且丝毫没有放缓的迹象,即使柴油价格下跌,生物燃料行业也能消化更高的原料成本。D4 RIN 的价格在 5 月 1 日突破了 2 美元/RIN 的关口,”卡波佐拉表示。 D4 积分的强劲表现使得可再生柴油利润率在年初飙升了 185%。D4 RIN 可用于证明生物基柴油(也称为 BBD)和乙醇的合规性。 卡波佐拉表示,由于 BBD 强制掺混比例连续创下新高,国内乙醇消费量相对于强制掺混比例的缺口日益扩大,以及 BBD 产能不足,“RIN 的强劲势头具有结构性,并将支撑一个非常强劲的大豆油市场,直至 2028 年,届时美国环保署将考虑第三套方案——制定 2028-2029 年的强制掺混比例。”
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