-- TRM Labs周四发布的一份报告指出,伊朗的通行费框架规定,每艘船舶通过霍尔木兹海峡需支付最高200万美元的费用,可使用加密货币或人民币支付,预计每日收入约为2000万美元。 根据该体系,船舶运营商必须首先联系与伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队有关联的匿名中间机构,并提交详细的船舶数据,包括所有权、货物、航线和船员信息,以供审批。 随后,当局会对船舶进行筛查,以确定其是否与美国或以色列有关联,部分船舶将被完全拒绝通行。 TRM表示,其他船舶则根据“友好程度”被划分为五个等级,并补充说,“友好国家”支付的通行费较低。 此外,通行费还根据原油运输量和船舶等级进行协商,油轮的通行费通常在每桶0.50美元至1美元之间,具体费率因国籍等级而异。 此外,据TRM称,满载约200万桶原油的超大型原油运输船(VLCC)预计每艘需支付约200万美元。 集装箱船和其他船型的费用需单独协商。 该说明指出,费率也因船舶所属国家/地区而异,而集装箱船和其他船型的费用则根据具体情况而定。 该说明还补充道,付款必须以数字资产或人民币形式通过昆仑银行或中国跨境银行间支付系统(CIPS)进行。 付款后,船舶将收到甚高频(VHF)广播通行码,并在伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队(IRGC)海军护航舰艇的引导下,沿拉拉克岛附近的北部通道通行。 TRM Labs表示,伊朗使用数字资产支付过境费,是加密货币助力国家规避制裁的一个显著例证,因为支付绕过了传统的金融体系。 伊朗于今年3月通过其《霍尔木兹海峡管理计划》正式确立了这一框架。 据TRM称,“根据目前的交通流量,公开估计,仅油轮一项收费,该收费系统每天就能带来高达2000万美元的收入;如果将液化天然气运输船也计算在内,每月收入可能达到6亿至8亿美元。” 据TRM实验室称,“负责收费的未具名中介机构的身份仍然不明——这对于未来任何针对该支付网络的执法或制裁行动而言都是一个关键漏洞。” 该报告还指出,加密货币交易使得在美国银行渠道之外的结算速度更快,因此难以实时监控或阻止支付。 TRM表示,尽管巴基斯坦斡旋达成的停火协议已于4月7日生效,但收费系统仍然有效。 据TRM称,“收费系统仍然有效,而且伊朗的制度基础设施……表明短期内不会取消收费。”
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