-- Rystad分析師週二在一份白皮書中指出,由於煉油廠面臨利潤率暴跌和原油供應趨緊的雙重困境,歐洲石油市場需求萎縮的可能性越來越大,而霍爾木茲海峽持續不斷的衝突更是加劇了這一局面。 眼前的壓力源自於期貨市場與現貨原油價格之間日益擴大的脫節。儘管遠期價格顯示煉油商應該最大限度地提高產量,但實際情況卻恰恰相反。 替代原油的交易價格比近月布蘭特原油期貨價格高出25美元/桶以上,加上運費,每桶價格還要再增加10-15美元/桶。這種疊加效應已經徹底抹殺了煉油商的獲利能力,使其幾乎沒有經濟動力去維持高產能。 供應情勢正在惡化,而非趨於穩定。預計4月的供應中斷程度將比3月更為嚴重,中東海灣地區的日產量接近1,430萬桶,比上月減少約300萬桶/日,遠低於衝突前的水準。 儘管經由延布、富查伊拉和傑伊漢的出口航線已達到創紀錄的運力,但仍不足以彌補通常經由霍爾木茲海峽的原油運輸量損失。 儘管4月初達成了停火協議,但經由霍爾木茲海峽的原油運輸量仍進一步下降。由於准入條件懸而未決以及持續的海上限制,人們對停火協議後原油運輸量恢復的希望已經破滅,這些限制甚至阻礙了伊朗的出口——伊朗是目前僅存的穩定原油來源。 即使在最樂觀的情況下,分析師也預期原油供應只能逐步恢復,到7月才能達到戰前水準的80%至90%,而這些原油到達煉油廠還需要一段時間。 與此同時,現貨市場仍面臨巨大壓力。大西洋盆地原油的現貨溢價已飆升至歷史新高,加劇了對替代供應的競爭。歐洲煉油商,尤其是地中海地區的煉油商,被迫進入現貨市場,以彌補與海灣產油國簽訂的長期合約中斷造成的損失。 儘管燃油價格處於歷史高位,但由於原油投入成本超過了成品油收入的成長,煉油利潤率已大幅下降。 3月利潤率曾達到約30美元/桶,如今已跌至僅幾美元,迫使業者減產或停產。 同時,由於貨物轉向亞洲,歐洲的進口燃料供應正在減少。在新加坡基準油價的帶動下,亞洲油價走強,持續推動油流東移。夏季需求高峰到來之前,區域庫存正在下降。 如果這種供需失衡持續下去,恢復平衡的唯一方法就是大幅提高油價以抑制消耗。分析師警告稱,如果需求驟減真的發生,很可能是突如其來的,而非漸進的,因為市場正在適應現代史上規模最大的供應中斷之一。
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