-- Ember策略師週二在一份報告中指出,2020年代的兩大能源衝擊——2022年俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭和2026年霍爾木茲海峽關閉——正在加速能源結構從化石燃料轉型為電氣化。 Ember分析師表示,霍爾木茲海峽是原油和液化天然氣的重要過境通道,其關閉導致每日供應減少超過1000萬桶,成為有史以來規模最大的能源中斷事件,超過了20世紀70年代的石油危機。 這次衝擊發生在烏克蘭戰爭引發的動盪之後,這場戰爭迫使歐洲更換其最大的化石燃料供應國。這兩場危機共同凸顯了全球能源貿易日益增長的地緣政治風險,並暴露了依賴進口經濟體的脆弱性。 然而,與1970年代的石油危機不同,如今的能源供應中斷正伴隨著太陽能、風能、電池和電動車等更經濟、更易於規模化的替代能源的快速崛起。 Ember的分析師表示,早在中東衝突爆發之前,再生能源和電氣化技術的成本就已與化石燃料不相上下。分析師指出,當前的動盪局勢正在進一步擴大這一差距。 Ember估計,目前全球太陽能發電與儲能結合的成本已低於每兆瓦時60美元,而亞洲液化天然氣發電的成本在當前燃料價格下可能超過每兆瓦時160美元。 在主要市場,電動車的前期成本也與內燃機汽車持平甚至更低,同時運作成本也更低。 預計這種經濟優勢將抑制以往危機後化石燃料需求的反彈,而以往的反彈通常是由於價格下跌導致消費復原。 「即使考慮到供應鏈的集中性,電力技術也比化石燃料更安全。一旦安裝完畢,它就無需燃料:太陽能是無法被限制的,」Ember 分析師表示。 同時,由於化石燃料在如今易受電氣化影響的行業中所佔份額更大,預計當前衝擊的影響範圍將比 20 世紀 70 年代更廣。 公路運輸約佔全球石油需求的一半,而發電量則佔液化天然氣需求的三分之一以上。 Ember 表示,這兩個產業都面臨電力技術的競爭。 到 2025 年,電動車將佔全球汽車銷量的約四分之一,其中中國的滲透率更高,東南亞地區的普及率也不斷提高。同時,太陽能和風能新增裝置容量的成長速度超過了電力需求的成長速度。 Ember 分析師預測,液化天然氣在發電領域的應用將出現結構性下滑,類似於 20 世紀 70 年代危機後石油退出該領域的情況。 亞洲是受霍爾木茲海峽中斷影響最大的地區,該地區超過40%的石油進口都需經由這條戰略水道運輸。預計這種影響將加速該地區向國產電力能源轉型。 「亞洲實現能源繁榮的道路將建立在快速發展國產電力技術的基礎之上,」Ember表示。 該顧問公司指出,全球化石燃料需求可能已經達到或接近峰值,並引用工業、建築和交通運輸等產業的消費成長停滯數據。 再生能源的成長,特別是太陽能和風能的成長,目前足以滿足新增電力需求,從而限制了對額外化石燃料發電的需求。 Ember表示,這雙重衝擊可能會縮短化石燃料需求達到高峰的時間,並加速其隨後的下降。
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