-- Ember策略师周二在一份报告中指出,2020年代的两大能源冲击——2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰和2026年霍尔木兹海峡关闭——正在加速能源结构从化石燃料向电气化转型。 Ember分析师表示,霍尔木兹海峡是原油和液化天然气的重要过境通道,其关闭导致每日供应减少超过1000万桶,成为有史以来规模最大的能源中断事件,超过了20世纪70年代的石油危机。 此次冲击发生在乌克兰战争引发的动荡之后,这场战争迫使欧洲更换其最大的化石燃料供应国。这两场危机共同凸显了全球能源贸易日益增长的地缘政治风险,并暴露了依赖进口经济体的脆弱性。 然而,与20世纪70年代的石油危机不同,如今的能源供应中断正伴随着太阳能、风能、电池和电动汽车等更经济、更易于规模化的替代能源的快速崛起。 Ember的分析师表示,早在中东冲突爆发之前,可再生能源和电气化技术的成本就已与化石燃料不相上下。分析师指出,当前的动荡局势正在进一步扩大这一差距。 Ember估计,目前全球太阳能发电与储能相结合的成本已低于每兆瓦时60美元,而亚洲液化天然气发电的成本在当前燃料价格下可能超过每兆瓦时160美元。 在主要市场,电动汽车的前期成本也与内燃机汽车持平甚至更低,同时运行成本也更低。 预计这种经济优势将抑制以往危机后化石燃料需求的反弹,以往的反弹通常是由于价格下跌导致消费恢复。 “即使考虑到供应链的集中性,电力技术也比化石燃料更安全。一旦安装完毕,它就无需燃料:太阳能是无法被限制的,”Ember 分析师表示。 与此同时,由于化石燃料在如今易受电气化影响的行业中所占份额更大,预计当前冲击的影响范围将比 20 世纪 70 年代更广。 公路运输约占全球石油需求的一半,而发电则占液化天然气需求的三分之一以上。Ember 表示,这两个行业都面临着来自电力技术的竞争。 到 2025 年,电动汽车将占全球汽车销量的约四分之一,其中中国的渗透率更高,东南亚地区的普及率也在不断提高。与此同时,太阳能和风能新增装机容量的增长速度超过了电力需求的增长速度。 Ember 分析师预测,液化天然气在发电领域的应用将出现结构性下滑,类似于 20 世纪 70 年代危机后石油退出该领域的情况。 亚洲是受霍尔木兹海峡中断影响最大的地区,该地区超过40%的石油进口都需经由这条战略水道运输。预计这种影响将加速该地区向国产电力能源转型。 “亚洲实现能源繁荣的道路将建立在快速发展国产电力技术的基础之上,”Ember表示。 该咨询公司指出,全球化石燃料需求可能已经达到或接近峰值,并援引工业、建筑和交通运输等行业的消费增长停滞数据。 可再生能源的增长,特别是太阳能和风能的增长,目前足以满足新增电力需求,从而限制了对额外化石燃料发电的需求。 Ember表示,这双重冲击可能会缩短化石燃料需求达到峰值的时间,并加速其随后的下降。
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