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雷斯塔银行称,阿联酋退出欧佩克+,对欧佩克+控制全球石油供应构成打击

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-- Rystad Energy的策略师在周五发布的一份白皮书中指出,阿联酋决定从5月1日起退出欧佩克+,这将削弱该组织在全球石油供应管理方面的能力,而此时地缘政治冲击已经扭曲了市场。 Rystad的分析师表示,此举将使该联盟中为数不多的拥有大量剩余产能且合规记录良好的产油国之一退出,从而削弱欧佩克+作为协调供应管理者的作用。 持续的中东冲突导致全球石油市场产量大幅下降,扰乱了区域石油流动,并加剧了霍尔木兹海峡的风险。 Rystad表示,包括沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋、科威特、伊拉克、伊朗、巴林和卡塔尔在内的主要中东产油国的原油和凝析油产量从2月份的约2750万桶/日下降至3月份平均每天减少1060万桶。 预计持续的供应中断将在4月份加剧至1290万桶/日,如果紧张局势缓解,则从5月中旬开始有所缓解。 欧佩克+的总产量从2月份的约3676万桶/日降至3月份的2768万桶/日,比该产油国集团的配额低约900万桶/日。 在正常情况下,该卡特尔会通过调整供应来应对此类供应中断。然而,阿联酋的退出使平衡从协调管理转向更具竞争性的生产环境。 尽管阿联酋最终可能会根据价格信号增加产量,但其短期内增产的能力受到物流中断和地区不稳定的制约。 Rystad分析师表示,直接影响不在于当前的供应,而在于海湾国家在局势稳定后未来的灵活性。 全球原油需求依然坚挺,约为1.05亿桶/日,表明实际供需平衡比表面数据所显示的更为紧张。尽管欧佩克+名义上的剩余产能估计约为600万桶/日,但其中超过65%集中在沙特阿拉伯和阿联酋。 Rystad Energy表示,随着阿联酋退出欧佩克+,该联盟实际上失去了对约150万桶/日剩余产能的控制权,进一步限制了其集体应对供应冲击的能力。 与此同时,阿联酋的退出反映出其扩张战略与欧佩克+配额限制之间日益加剧的紧张关系。Rystad Energy指出,由于产量限制,阿联酋2025年的平均产量约为312万桶/日,低于其装机容量。 在最近一次中东冲突爆发前,阿联酋的产量比其配额低约340万桶/日。 阿联酋国家石油公司(ADNOC)正在大力投资,计划到2027年将产能扩大到500万桶/日,其长期目标是达到600万桶/日。 Rystad表示,扩建项目包括海上上扎库姆油田和陆上资产,例如巴布和布哈萨油田,以及由阿布扎比国家石油公司钻井公司(ADNOC Drilling)牵头的钻井活动增加。 产能脱节 阿联酋退出欧佩克+之前,其雄心勃勃的1500亿美元上游扩张计划与该联盟设定的产量限制之间已持续多年紧张关系。 尽管阿联酋最初的目标是到2030年实现500万桶/日的产能,但Rystad表示,这一时间表已被多次提前。 截至去年年底,ADNOC的可持续产能已达到约485万桶/日,这得益于大型陆上油田的扩建以及萨塔赫·拉兹布特和乌姆·卢卢等海上项目的开发。 Rystad能源分析师表示:“随着每一个新的产能里程碑的达成,阿布扎比已建成产能与其获准生产的产能之间的差距都在扩大。” 尽管阿联酋的潜在产量攀升至500万桶/日甚至可能达到600万桶/日,但欧佩克+协议将其实际产量控制在320万至350万桶/日之间。 与此同时,阿联酋的退出也将重塑欧佩克内部剩余产能的分配格局,使沙特阿拉伯的市场影响力更加集中。 去年年初,欧佩克+的总减产规模约为400万桶/日。到今年5月,这一数字已降至约100万桶/日,而阿联酋在退出欧佩克+前的份额更是缩减至仅7.2万桶/日。 尽管欧佩克+名义上仍拥有约480万桶/日的剩余产能,但Rystad Energy估计,沙特阿拉伯的剩余产能约为180万桶/日,接近总量的40%。 Rystad Energy表示,其他产油国面临的种种限制使其难以迅速做出反应。基础设施瓶颈限制了伊拉克的剩余产能,而科威特则面临着其巨型布尔甘油田产量逐渐下降的困境。 据Rystad分析师称,剩下的问题主要取决于沙特阿拉伯。 白皮书指出:“一旦阿联酋完全脱离欧佩克+框架,成为一家独立的产油国,而伊拉克和科威特又面临各自的结构性制约,那么任何有意义的减产或协调增产的杠杆几乎完全掌握在利雅得手中。” 阿联酋的退出也可能促使其他产油国重新考虑是否继续参与欧佩克+,尤其是那些产能不断增长且财政状况相对稳健的国家。 Rystad分析师表示,哈萨克斯坦是一个潜在的候选国。该国多次超额完成产量目标,扩大了田吉兹油田的产量,并曾因合规问题与欧佩克+发生冲突。 分析师表示:“一旦阿联酋证明退出欧佩克+是可行且有利可图的,其他国家就可以效仿。” 尽管地缘政治动荡和现有的供应限制可能会减轻阿联酋退出市场的直接影响,但 Rystad 分析师表示,其长期影响更为深远。

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