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能源经济与金融分析研究所(IEEFA)称,交通电气化是印度减少对碳氢化合物进口依赖的最有效途径。

-- 能源经济与金融分析研究所(IEEFA)周五表示,随着中东冲突暴露出印度能源安全的脆弱性,交通电气化是印度提升能源安全的最切实可行的途径。印度目前85%的原油需求依赖进口。 IEEFA指出,印度是当今世界人口最多的国家,也是全球第三大原油消费国,其中45%的原油来自依赖现已关闭的霍尔木兹海峡的产区。 为应对海峡关闭,印度采取措施实现供应多元化,目前其70%的进口原油来自海峡以外的地区。但IEEFA也指出,这暴露出印度需要改变战略,全面降低对外国进口的依赖。 该研究所认为,交通电气化是实现这一目标最可行的途径,能够同时带来国家安全和环境效益。 与其他在能源转型方面取得更大进展的国家一样,印度也面临着充电基础设施稀少和车辆前期成本高昂的挑战。 印度原油面临的困境同样适用于液化天然气进口,超过一半的液化天然气供应因不可抗力声明而延迟或取消。然而,美国正日益成为印度替代传统中东液化天然气供应来源的重要渠道。 能源经济与金融分析研究所(IEEFA)指出,印度在21世纪初就开始尝试实现交通燃料多元化,将部分乙醇和生物柴油纳入燃料混合比例,但目前96%的公路车辆仍然使用汽油或柴油,只有1.3%是电动汽车。 自2024年起,印度汽油中乙醇的掺混比例将从之前的5%提高到20%,这将每年减少约4500万桶石油进口,约占其石油进口总量的2.5%。然而,能源经济与金融分析研究所(IEEFA)指出,生产能源原料的土地利用效率远低于利用土地发电。 例如,生产一公顷太阳能发电装置所产生的能源需要种植187公顷的玉米乙醇。 IEEFA表示,压缩天然气的广泛使用减少了柴油需求,但它仍然会排放污染物,并且加剧了对天然气进口的依赖。绿色氢能在卡车运输领域具有应用前景,但要实现能够产生实际影响的大规模生产还有很长的路要走。 IEEFA指出,电池电动汽车是印度的“明确选择”,它既具备商业可行性,又具有战略意义,适用于两轮和三轮车辆、乘用车、轻型商用车和公共汽车,并且使用国内生产的电力。 尽管政府出台了一些支持和激励措施,但由于购置成本较高和充电基础设施不足,除三轮车外,电池电动汽车(BEV)的销量占比仍然低于总销量的10%。 能源经济与金融分析研究所(IEEFA)表示,解决这一问题需要中央和邦级政府持续的政策支持,包括税收优惠、供给侧强制性规定以及车队脱碳目标。印度还需要投资国内纯电动汽车生产并推广充电设备。 IEEFA指出,目前这些领域的投资比所需资金少了82%。 IEEFA认为,或许最重要的是,印度必须在汽车和汽车零部件制造领域建立国内供应链,包括确保关键矿产的供应。 研究报告指出:“否则,印度将面临从一种进口依赖转向另一种进口依赖的风险。”

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