-- 歐洲基準天然氣交易中心TTF(產權轉移設施)價格上漲,導致義大利和德國的日前電力價格大幅上漲,能源經濟與金融分析研究所(IEEFA)週一表示,這凸顯了持續依賴天然氣的經濟脆弱性。 IEEFA指出,這反映出天然氣在這些市場中經常決定邊際價格,從而放大了天然氣價格衝擊對電力價格的影響。在邊際價格決定整體價格的市場中,天然氣價格往往決定電力供應的最終價格。 簡而言之,除基本負載外,最後簽訂合約的天然氣價格決定了所有電力供應商的最終價格。當天然氣價格飆升時,其影響會波及其他能源的電力價格,放大整體電力價格的上漲。 即使天然氣並非電網中的主要發電來源,這種情況也會發生。 近幾個月來,TTF近月天然氣價格波動劇烈,在每兆瓦時(MWh)20-30歐元(23.55-35.33美元)到每兆瓦時60-70歐元不等,尤其是在中東衝突等地緣政治緊張時期。 這導致義大利和德國的日前電價飆升至每兆瓦時120-150歐元甚至更高,而法國的電價則維持在每兆瓦時60-80歐元之間。 能源經濟與金融分析研究所(IEEFA)指出,目前天然氣發電量約佔歐盟總發電量的五分之一,低於2022年能源危機前的約25%。儘管天然氣發電的份額有所下降,但對電價的影響並未減弱。 IEEFA解釋說,在「優先供電系統」下,邊際成本最低的發電方式,如核能、水力、風能和太陽能,會優先獲得供電合同,而天然氣由於成本較高,優先級較低。 通常情況下,在歐盟,天然氣價格每年僅在數百小時內決定邊際價格,而這些時段通常正是再生能源發電量較低的時期。能源經濟與金融分析研究所(IEEFA)指出,在義大利和德國,天然氣價格與電力價格的關聯性遠強於法國和伊比利半島,因此電力價格往往較高。 儘管歐洲電力市場相互互聯,但這種情況依然存在。在法國,由於其龐大的核電廠數量,天然氣價格決定整體電力價格的頻率較低。在西班牙和葡萄牙,再生能源發電量已佔其總發電量的一半以上,從而限制了天然氣對電力價格的影響。 在義大利,天然氣發電量約佔總發電量的一半;而在德國,天然氣和煤炭發電則起到平衡作用,彌補再生能源發電量的下降。 IEEFA表示,這種市場機制整體上是有效的,並非一定有缺陷,但問題在於對天然氣的結構性依賴。 IEEFA認為,只有發展再生能源,並對輸配電系統進行必要的升級改造(包括電池儲能和抽水蓄能),才能解決這個問題。
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