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美國押注小型核電,小型模組化反應器(SMR)推進勢頭強勁,美國能源資訊署(EIA)稱

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-- 美國能源資訊署(EIA)週一表示,美國正加速推動核電產業復興,重點發展新一代小型模組化反應器(SMR)和微型反應器。政策制定者正努力克服數十年來阻礙大型核電計畫發展的種種障礙。 EIA分析師告訴美國公用事業公司,目前美國營運的核電裝置容量約為98吉瓦,但由於資本密集和監管障礙,核電擴張受到限制。 SMR單機發電量可達300兆瓦,被視為比傳統反應器(發電量在550兆瓦至1500兆瓦之間)更靈活、更經濟的替代方案。 EIA指出,與傳統核電廠不同,SMR採用模組化、工廠預製的組件,這些組件可以運輸到現場並進行組裝,從而有望縮短建設週期並降低融資風險。 微型反應器是容量小於20兆瓦的小型反應堆,專為部署在偏遠地區、軍事基地或工業設施而設計,可獨立於主電網運作。 這項技術引起了高耗能營運領域(例如人工智慧資料中心和先進製造業)開發商的濃厚興趣,這些領域需要可靠的全天候電力供應,但電網連接可能受到限制。 同時,美國能源資訊署 (EIA) 表示,美國各地正在開發各種反應器設計,反映了在效率、燃料利用和工業應用方面的不同方法。 輕型水冷小型模組化反應器 (SMR) 與現有反應器技術類似,是目前最接近商業部署的反應器之一。這些系統使用傳統的低濃縮鈾,旨在為電網提供可擴展的基礎負載電力。 更先進的概念包括高溫氣冷反應堆,它使用氦氣冷卻和石墨慢化來達到適合工業熱應用(包括氫氣生產)的溫度。 美國能源資訊署 (EIA) 分析師表示,一些設計採用了高豐度、低濃縮鈾或 TRISO 燃料,這些燃料經過特殊設計,能夠承受極端條件。 熔鹽反應器是另一種新興的反應器類型,它使用液態鹽作為燃料或冷卻劑。其高運轉溫度和固有的安全特性使其成為發電和工業生產的理想選擇。 同時,鈉冷快堆用液態金屬冷卻劑代替水,使其能夠在更低的壓力和更高的溫度下運行,並有可能提高燃料利用效率。 EIA 表示,聯邦政府對這些技術的支持力道有所加大。美國能源部在 2025 年重新發布了 9 億美元的撥款計劃,用於支持小型模組化反應器 (SMR) 的開發,同時啟動了能源反應器試點計劃,以加速在國家實驗室以外的測試和部署。 美國軍方也正在成為這些技術的早期採用者。美國國防部正在探索微型反應器,以增強基地的能源韌性,尤其是在偏遠或戰略敏感地區。 美國空軍計劃於2027年前在阿拉斯加的艾爾森空軍基地部署其首座微型反應堆,該反應器採用奧克洛公司(OKLO)開發的鈉冷式設計,預計發電量在1兆瓦至5兆瓦之間。 美國陸軍正透過其「雅努斯計畫」(Janus Program)評估多個基地,以選址建造反應堆,該計畫建立在先前「佩萊計畫」(Project Pele)工作的基礎上。 同時,美國能源部正透過其「燃料管線試點計畫」(Fuel Line Pilot Program)努力建立包括高低濃縮鈾(HALEU)在內的先進核燃料的國內供應鏈,這項計畫被視為擴大下一代反應器規模的關鍵舉措。

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