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美国押注小型核电,小型模块化反应堆(SMR)推进势头强劲,美国能源信息署(EIA)称

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-- 美国能源信息署(EIA)周一表示,美国正加快推进核电行业复兴,重点发展新一代小型模块化反应堆(SMR)和微型反应堆。政策制定者正努力克服数十年来阻碍大型核电项目发展的种种障碍。 EIA分析师告诉美国公用事业公司,目前美国运营的核电装机容量约为98吉瓦,但由于资本密集型和监管障碍,核电扩张受到限制。 SMR单机发电量可达300兆瓦,被视为比传统反应堆(发电量在550兆瓦至1500兆瓦之间)更灵活、更经济的替代方案。 EIA指出,与传统核电站不同,SMR采用模块化、工厂预制的组件,这些组件可以运输到现场并进行组装,从而有望缩短建设周期并降低融资风险。 微型反应堆是容量小于20兆瓦的小型反应堆,专为部署在偏远地区、军事基地或工业设施而设计,可独立于主电网运行。 这项技术引起了高耗能运营领域(例如人工智能数据中心和先进制造业)开发商的浓厚兴趣,这些领域需要可靠的全天候电力供应,但电网连接可能受到限制。 与此同时,美国能源信息署 (EIA) 表示,美国各地正在开发各种反应堆设计,反映了在效率、燃料利用和工业应用方面的不同方法。 轻型水冷小型模块化反应堆 (SMR) 与现有反应堆技术类似,是目前最接近商业部署的反应堆之一。这些系统使用传统的低浓缩铀,旨在为电网提供可扩展的基础负荷电力。 更先进的概念包括高温气冷反应堆,它使用氦气冷却和石墨慢化来达到适合工业热应用(包括制氢)的温度。 美国能源信息署 (EIA) 分析师表示,一些设计采用了高丰度、低浓缩铀或 TRISO 燃料,这些燃料经过特殊设计,能够承受极端条件。 熔盐反应堆是另一种新兴的反应堆类型,它使用液态盐作为燃料或冷却剂。其高运行温度和固有的安全特性使其成为发电和工业生产的理想选择。 与此同时,钠冷快堆用液态金属冷却剂代替水,使其能够在更低的压力和更高的温度下运行,并有可能提高燃料利用效率。 EIA 表示,联邦政府对这些技术的支持力度有所加大。美国能源部在 2025 年重新发布了 9 亿美元的拨款计划,用于支持小型模块化反应堆 (SMR) 的开发,同时启动了能源反应堆试点计划,以加速在国家实验室以外的测试和部署。 美国军方也正在成为这些技术的早期采用者。美国国防部正在探索微型反应堆,以增强基地的能源韧性,尤其是在偏远或战略敏感地区。 美国空军计划于2027年前在阿拉斯加的艾尔森空军基地部署其首座微型反应堆,该反应堆采用奥克洛公司(OKLO)开发的钠冷式设计,预计发电量在1兆瓦至5兆瓦之间。 美国陆军正通过其“雅努斯计划”(Janus Program)评估多个基地,以选址建设反应堆,该计划建立在之前“佩莱计划”(Project Pele)工作的基础上。 与此同时,美国能源部正通过其“燃料管线试点计划”(Fuel Line Pilot Program)努力建立包括高低浓铀(HALEU)在内的先进核燃料的国内供应链,这项计划被视为扩大下一代反应堆规模的关键举措。

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