-- 伊朗引發的霍爾木茲海峽持續中斷引發了人們對能源安全的擔憂,這可能促使投資者考慮將油氣投資轉移到其他地區。但正如一位業內專家所警告的那樣,現在就斷言會發生持久的結構性變化可能還為時過早。 阿格斯傳媒首席經濟學家大衛·費夫週一在接受採訪時表示,迄今為止,市場對這場80多年來最嚴重能源危機的反應反映的是不確定性,而非對中東的長期明確撤離。 儘管費夫稱這是二戰以來最嚴重的能源衝擊,但市場反應總體上仍然較為平淡,因為在危機爆發之前,人們普遍認為2026年將是全球供應過剩的一年。 費夫表示,雖然由於海峽通行受限,原油價格短期內飆升,但長期前景很大程度上取決於正常航運恢復的速度。 Argus 的基本假設情境目前預測供應中斷將持續三個月,並可能在 5 月底前解決。然而,即使在這種情景下,油氣流量的正常化也可能要到 8 月或 9 月才能實現。 「人們很容易將此視為新常態,」Fyfe 指出,但他強調,現在就斷言中東石油將永久享有風險溢價還為時過早。 這位經濟學家補充說,中東仍然是全球能源供應的核心,擁有最大的石油儲量和全球大部分剩餘產能。 儘管由於物流和地緣政治限制,該地區目前的產能無法利用,但其作為原油邊際供應國的長期角色並未發生根本性改變,至少目前是如此。 然而,他表示,市場訊號正在開始轉變。 長期原油期貨,例如布蘭特原油期貨,已從之前的每桶 65 美元左右上漲至更高水平,表明交易員正在將長期不確定性考慮在內。 遠期曲線的這種變化至關重要,因為持續走高的價格預期往往會推動上游投資決策。分析師表示,如果供應中斷持續,資本可能會流入其他供應地區,尤其是在西半球。 巴西、阿根廷、圭亞那和加拿大等國由於擁有相對有利的監管框架和資源潛力,在吸引投資方面具有優勢。 委內瑞拉也可能成為長期貢獻者,尤其是在美國近期政策轉變之後。 然而,分析師警告說,鑑於委內瑞拉石油業幾十年來投資不足,其產量的任何增長都可能緩慢且資本密集。 融資管道將是影響投資流向的另一個關鍵因素。 費夫強調,更廣泛的投資環境,包括財政制度和監管穩定性,最終將決定發展速度。 短期內,不確定性持續影響投資決策。 例如,美國頁岩油生產商並未大幅增加2026年的鑽探計劃,反映出他們對高油價能持續多久持懷疑態度。 費夫認為,油價可能需要在每桶75至80美元以上維持至少六個月,才能真正刺激短期投資的顯著成長,尤其是在美國陸上油田。 儘管目前普遍認為這是一場相對短暫的危機,但其嚴重程度可能會對全球能源市場產生持久影響。 費夫表示,即使未來幾個月供應恢復,這次事件也可能加速供應多元化和投資向新地區的轉移,尤其是在美洲地區,因為買家和投資者都在尋求對沖未來的地緣政治風險。 費夫在談到生物燃料領域時說:“目前,尤其是在歐洲,柴油價格已經大幅上漲。在某種程度上,可再生柴油看起來更具吸引力。” 他還補充說,如果成品油價格持續高位運行,可能會促使人們增加對乙醇和生物柴油等替代能源的投資。生物燃料經濟效益的提升也可能促進區域資本投資的轉移,尤其是在巴西和美國主導大豆出口市場(大豆是生物燃料的關鍵原料)的情況下。 然而,首席經濟學家表示,霍爾木茲海峽的交通中斷不僅限於石油,還影響了化肥和其他原料,可能導致作物種植成本上升。 即便生質柴油與煉廠生產的柴油相比更具競爭力,這種情況仍可能對生質燃料產業構成不利影響。 他表示:“在歐洲和亞洲市場,生物燃料看起來比精煉石油產品更具吸引力。” 關於短期前景,費夫表示,如果霍爾木茲海峽的交通流量恢復,生物燃料的相對優勢可能會消失。
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