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富國銀行稱,霍爾木茲海峽中斷正將石油市場推向配給制。

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-- 富國銀行投資研究所總裁達雷爾·克朗克(Darrell Cronk)在周二的一份報告中指出,如果霍爾木茲海峽的供應中斷持續下去,全球石油市場將在本季度面臨實物短缺和需求配給的風險。 克朗克估計,截至5月初,與衝突和這條關鍵航道部分關閉相關的累計供應損失已達約6億桶。供應中斷不僅反映出運輸延遲,還反映出由於停產、損壞和產量延遲等原因,實際產量已從系統中移除。 由於庫存和浮式儲油設施已大幅減少,市場剩餘的吸收能力有限,難以承受進一步的衝擊。如果海峽無法盡快重新開放,系統可能需要在幾週內每天減少400萬至500萬桶的需求才能恢復平衡。 預計供應中斷的影響大約需要30天才能完全傳導至整個系統,這意味著消費者層面的實體短缺可能會落後於最初的衝擊。 預計天然氣以及中質和中硫原油將面臨最直接的壓力。下游產品,尤其是柴油和航空煤油,受到的影響可能會先顯現,之後原油短缺才會波及終端用戶。 可能出現的供應中斷順序是:首先是石化產品和液化石油氣,然後是柴油,這將影響貨運、農業和工業活動,最後是航空煤油,這將限制航空運力並影響更廣泛的交通出行。 依賴進口的新興市場預計最早將受到衝擊,其次是歐洲和其他已開發地區。潛在的政策因應措施可能包括燃料配額制度、限制航空公司運能,以及在短缺加劇時實施緊急消費管制。 由於國內產量強勁以及加拿大管道進口,美國受到的影響較小,但全球價格上漲仍會傳導至國內,導致燃料成本上升。能源價格高企可能會加劇夏季駕車高峰期的通膨壓力,並使利率預期更加複雜。 克朗克也強調了長期結構性風險,指出全球能源供應鏈的冗餘度低於預期,脆弱性也更高。報告警告稱,即使地緣政治緊張局勢有所緩和,該地區基礎設施的長期中斷也可能導致復甦時間遠遠超過以往的石油危機。

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