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富国银行称,霍尔木兹海峡中断正将石油市场推向配给制。

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-- 富国银行投资研究所总裁达雷尔·克朗克(Darrell Cronk)在周二的一份报告中指出,如果霍尔木兹海峡的供应中断持续下去,全球石油市场将在本季度面临实物短缺和需求配给的风险。 克朗克估计,截至5月初,与冲突和这条关键航道部分关闭相关的累计供应损失已达约6亿桶。供应中断不仅反映出运输延迟,还反映出由于停产、损坏和产量推迟等原因,实际产量已从系统中移除。 由于库存和浮式储油设施已大幅减少,市场剩余的吸收能力有限,难以应对进一步的冲击。如果海峡不能尽快重新开放,系统可能需要在几周内每天减少400万至500万桶的需求才能恢复平衡。 预计供应中断的影响大约需要30天才能完全传导至整个系统,这意味着消费者层面的实物短缺可能会滞后于最初的冲击。 预计天然气以及中质和中硫原油将面临最直接的压力。下游产品,尤其是柴油和航空煤油,受到的影响可能首先显现,之后原油短缺才会波及终端用户。 可能出现的供应中断顺序是:首先是石化产品和液化石油气,然后是柴油,这将影响货运、农业和工业活动,最后是航空煤油,这将限制航空运力并影响更广泛的交通出行。 依赖进口的新兴市场预计将最早受到冲击,其次是欧洲和其他发达地区。潜在的政策应对措施可能包括燃料配额制度、限制航空公司运力,以及在短缺加剧时实施紧急消费管制。 由于国内产量强劲以及加拿大管道进口,美国受到的影响较小,但全球价格上涨仍会传导至国内,导致燃料成本上升。能源价格高企可能会加剧夏季驾车高峰期的通胀压力,并使利率预期更加复杂。 克朗克还强调了长期结构性风险,指出全球能源供应链的冗余度低于预期,脆弱性也更高。报告警告称,即使地缘政治紧张局势有所缓和,该地区基础设施的长期中断也可能导致复苏时间远远超过以往的石油危机。

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