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國際航空運輸協會稱,俄羅斯制裁和能源轉型導致歐洲航空燃油供應趨緊。

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-- 國際航空運輸協會週三在一份簡報中指出,歐洲的能源轉型,加上對俄羅斯石油日益嚴厲的製裁,正在重塑燃料市場格局,並加劇航空供應鏈的壓力。 歐洲各國政府正積極推動脫碳政策,以減少化石燃料的使用,並擴大再生能源和生物能源的利用。同時,歐盟、英國和美國對俄羅斯石油出口的製裁正在擾亂現有的貿易流,並增加全球能源市場的複雜性。 儘管歐洲一直在穩步降低對俄羅斯能源的依賴,但俄羅斯仍然是全球主要的石油出口國,即便麵臨制裁。其原油仍透過替代途徑進入國際市場,包括所謂的「影子油輪」船隊以及受益於折扣供應的中間買家。這些變通辦法緩解了全球供應衝擊,但並未消除市場波動,也未減少對非俄羅斯原油的競爭。 在歐洲,制裁加劇了本已日益緊張的煉油市場格局。到2025年,四家煉油廠關閉了原油加工業務,每天減少約40萬桶的產能。標普全球商品洞察的長期預測顯示,到2050年,歐洲煉油產能可能下降超過500萬桶/日,幾乎是2024年水準的一半。 航空燃油尤其容易受到影響。與許多成品油不同,預計未來十年航空燃油的需求將保持韌性或成長,隨著國內產量下降,對進口的依賴將增加。 航空公司正感受到燃油成本上漲和波動加劇的影響。除了全球價格波動外,航空公司還面臨不斷上漲的物流費用和供應商溢價,這些費用和溢價往往會在供應緊張時期增加。在米蘭馬爾彭薩機場,燃油附加費(高於基準價格)是疫情前水準的三倍,反映出當地煉油產能受限。 儘管隨著貿易路線的調整,全球煉油利潤率已部分穩定,但由於國內供應下降和進口依賴性增加,歐洲航空業仍面臨特別大的風險。 國際航空運輸協會警告稱,如果不擴大供應多元化、增加儲存能力並加快可持續航空燃料的部署,歐洲航空公司將面臨持續的成本壓力、波動性以及與制裁和全球石油流動變化相關的地緣政治動盪帶來的更高脆弱性。

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