-- 国际航空运输协会周三在一份简报中指出,欧洲的能源转型,加上对俄罗斯石油日益严厉的制裁,正在重塑燃料市场格局,并加剧航空供应链的压力。 欧洲各国政府正积极推进脱碳政策,以减少化石燃料的使用,并扩大可再生能源和生物能源的利用。与此同时,欧盟、英国和美国对俄罗斯石油出口的制裁正在扰乱既有的贸易流,并增加全球能源市场的复杂性。 尽管欧洲一直在稳步降低对俄罗斯能源的依赖,但俄罗斯仍然是全球主要的石油出口国,即便面临制裁。其原油仍然通过替代途径进入国际市场,包括所谓的“影子油轮”船队以及受益于折扣供应的中间买家。这些变通办法缓解了全球供应冲击,但并未消除市场波动,也未减少对非俄罗斯原油的竞争。 在欧洲,制裁加剧了本已日益紧张的炼油市场格局。到2025年,四家炼油厂关闭了原油加工业务,每天减少约40万桶的产能。标普全球商品洞察的长期预测显示,到2050年,欧洲炼油产能可能下降超过500万桶/日,几乎是2024年水平的一半。 航空燃油尤其容易受到影响。与许多成品油不同,预计未来十年航空燃油的需求将保持韧性或增长,随着国内产量下降,对进口的依赖性将增加。 航空公司正感受到燃油成本上涨和波动加剧的影响。除了全球价格波动外,航空公司还面临着不断上涨的物流费用和供应商溢价,这些费用和溢价往往会在供应紧张时期增加。在米兰马尔彭萨机场,燃油附加费(高于基准价格)是疫情前水平的三倍,反映出当地炼油产能受限。 尽管随着贸易路线的调整,全球炼油利润率已部分稳定,但由于国内供应下降和进口依赖性增加,欧洲航空业仍然面临着特别大的风险。 国际航空运输协会警告称,如果不扩大供应多元化、增加存储能力并加快可持续航空燃料的部署,欧洲航空公司将面临持续的成本压力、波动性以及与制裁和全球石油流动变化相关的地缘政治动荡带来的更高脆弱性。
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