-- 国际能源署(IEA)周一发布的一份新报告指出,2025年全球能源需求增速将低于上一年,但电力需求增速明显低于预期。 报告称,太阳能光伏发电首次成为全球能源供应增长的最大单一贡献者。 IEA的《全球能源展望》概述了能源需求、电力生产和使用、能源技术部署以及能源生产过程中二氧化碳排放的情况。 2025年全球能源需求总体增速为1.3%,低于过去十年1.4%的平均水平,远低于2025年的增速。部分地区经济增长放缓,极端天气事件减少,以及节能家电普及率提高,是导致这一增速放缓的主要原因。 全球电力需求增长了3%,需求来源涵盖建筑、工业、电动汽车和数据中心等。 2025年,太阳能光伏发电占能源供应增长的25%,天然气占17%。报告指出,可再生能源和核能合计满足了近60%的新增能源需求。 原油需求增长0.7%,与国际能源署(IEA)的预测相符,但这一增速受到电动汽车普及率提高的制约。预计到2025年,电动汽车销量将增长20%,超过2000万辆,占全球新车销量的四分之一。 在中国,可再生能源取代了部分燃煤发电,但由于天然气价格上涨,美国部分企业转向使用煤炭发电,导致煤炭需求增加。尽管2025年全球煤炭需求有所增长,但增速有所放缓。 国际能源署执行主任法提赫·比罗尔表示:“在复杂的经济和地缘政治背景下,2025年全球能源需求持续增长,但有一个趋势显而易见:经济体的电气化进程正在不断加快。” “在当今瞬息万变的格局中,优先考虑韧性和多元化的国家将更有能力应对波动,并在未来几年提供安全且价格合理的能源。” 美国表现突出,其2025年的能源需求增速将达到本世纪第二快(不包括经济衰退后的复苏时期),数据中心的电力需求是主要驱动因素,此外还有强劲的工业产出和寒冷的冬季。 尽管中国在2025年全球能源需求增长中占比最大,但由于更高效的可再生能源取代了煤炭,其增速仍放缓至1.7%。 报告指出,与能源相关的二氧化碳排放量增速放缓,仅增长0.4%。中国的排放量下降是由于可再生能源的激增,而印度的二氧化碳排放量自20世纪70年代以来首次保持平稳(不包括新冠疫情的影响)。 报告指出,发达经济体在可再生能源部署方面普遍领先,但其排放量增长(0.5%)实际上高于新兴经济体和发展中经济体(0.3%),这是自上世纪90年代以来未曾出现的趋势。 2025年,全球新增太阳能光伏发电装机容量达到600太瓦时,创下单年任何发电方式增幅的最高纪录,直接降低了煤炭在电力生产中的份额。 同样,新增110吉瓦电池储能容量也超过了燃气发电装机容量单年增幅的最高纪录。 报告指出,随着部分地区核电技术的复兴,2025年将有12吉瓦核电装机容量开工建设。 报告称,值得注意的是,自2019年以来,低排放技术的安装避免了相当于拉丁美洲全年能源需求的化石燃料消耗量。
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