-- 加拿大皇家银行资本市场策略师周日在一份报告中指出,中东冲突正加剧全球能源市场供需紧张,并可能给消费者带来“残酷的夏季”,因为供应受限与季节性需求高峰相冲突,而政策制定者正努力控制冲突带来的冲击。 加拿大皇家银行分析师表示,这场已持续三个月的冲突已导致多达10亿桶原油和成品油退出全球市场,一些分析师称之为现代史上最大的供应冲击。 然而,尽管间歇性的停火信号不断出现,市场也对霍尔木兹海峡的重新开放抱有乐观态度,但伊朗和美国之间的谈判仍然陷入僵局。 伊朗拒绝放弃铀浓缩活动,而美国尚未取得实质性进展,最近的谈判也未能取得任何实质性成果。 加拿大皇家银行表示,数周以来,特朗普政府一直强调冲突可能很快结束,这有助于抑制短期油价。然而,市场参与者表示,这种说法可能掩盖了供应短缺的严重程度,并延缓了必要的需求削减。 加拿大皇家银行(RBC)分析师表示:“鉴于此次供应中断的规模,价格反应异常平淡。”他们补充说,价格低迷可能会助长政策制定者和消费者的自满情绪。 分析师表示,即使在最理想的情况下,中东供应的恢复预计也将十分缓慢。RBC指出,油田、出口码头和物流网络的损坏可能需要3到6个月才能修复,如果地下基础设施遭到严重破坏,修复时间可能会更长。 目前,损失的真实程度仍存在很大的不确定性,卫星图像只能提供部分信息,实地评估仍在进行中。 与此同时,由于供应仍然受限,全球库存正在下降。RBC分析师预计,在需求稳定和基本面趋紧的推动下,原油和成品油价格将在夏季进一步上涨。 由于产品供应有限推高了燃油价格,炼油利润率预计也将走强。然而,这种趋势也存在风险,因为成本上升最终可能导致需求萎缩,并对全球经济造成压力。 尽管亚洲一直是此次危机的中心,但伊朗冲突的影响也波及欧洲,欧洲的能源进口成本飙升。 自2月份以来,欧盟在化石燃料进口方面额外支出240亿欧元(约合281亿美元),其中航空业受到的冲击最为严重。 包括汉莎航空、荷兰皇家航空和北欧航空在内的主要航空公司,由于燃油成本高企和航线受限,已累计取消了数万个航班。一些航空公司表示,燃油供应仅能保障到5月中旬,这增加了航班进一步中断的风险。 此次冲突也在加速消费者行为的转变。电动汽车的普及率正在迅速上升,预计到2026年初,欧洲纯电动汽车的注册量将大幅增长,而二手电动汽车的销量在主要市场也出现了激增。 在需求方面,加拿大皇家银行(RBC)表示,亚洲各国政府正在采取积极措施抑制能源消耗。 韩国延长了燃油价格管制,印度削减了20%的工业液化天然气(LNG)供应。孟加拉国实施了燃油配给制,包括菲律宾、越南和斯里兰卡在内的多个国家重新实施了远程办公政策和出行限制。 作为全球最大的能源进口国,中国似乎更有能力应对冲击,因为它已经建立了战略储备。然而,中国对中东供应的依赖程度较高(中东供应占其进口总量的一半以上),这使得中国容易受到长期供应中断的影响。 加拿大皇家银行分析师表示,需求稳定、供应受限以及价格反应有限,这些因素叠加可能会加剧最终的市场调整。 分析师指出,任何额外的供应中断,包括炼油厂停产、出口限制或对能源基础设施的进一步攻击,都可能在夏季需求高峰期加剧能源短缺。
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