-- 伍德麦肯兹咨询公司(Wood Mackenzie)策略师周一在一份报告中指出,尽管地缘政治局势紧张,全球能源和基础设施投资仍飙升至历史新高,预计到2030年,年度资本支出将超过3.8万亿美元。 然而,分析师表示,能源转型将面临一个关键的十年,其特点是“融资缺口”和优先事项的转变,因为政策制定者需要在实现净零排放目标和满足眼前的能源安全需求之间寻求平衡。 伍德麦肯兹表示,到2060年,向清洁能源转型可能需要累计投资130万亿至175万亿美元,年度支出机会为3万亿至6万亿美元。 该咨询公司构建了四种潜在的转型情景模型,每种情景对投资的影响各不相同。基准情景名为“能源演进”,设想可再生能源将不断扩张,但仅能满足新增需求,这将使全球气温上升约2.6摄氏度。 咨询公司表示,另一方面,如果采取与净零排放目标相一致的快速“能源创新”路径,可以将全球升温幅度控制在1.5摄氏度以内,但这需要对全球能源系统进行彻底转型。 伍德麦肯兹的分析师表示,在这种情况下,大约一半的总资本支出需要用于电气化和配套基础设施,例如电网。 延迟转型方案介于这两种极端之间:一方面,能源安全风险导致化石燃料的使用延长;另一方面,则采取反映当前政策承诺的“国家承诺”路径。 尽管可再生能源发电仍然吸引着最大的资本份额,但伍德麦肯兹表示,对配套基础设施的投资却滞后。 未来十年,电网、储能系统和电动汽车充电网络将面临最严峻的资金缺口。伍德麦肯兹的分析师表示,如果没有这些设施,即使可再生能源的快速部署也可能受到限制。 咨询公司表示,转型某些领域的势头正在放缓。电动汽车支出低于此前预期,而石油和天然气投资则在能源安全日益严峻的背景下,为满足近期需求而增加。 与此同时,股权资本预计将发挥核心作用,尤其是在扩大绿色氢能和碳捕获等早期技术的规模方面。这些行业仍处于商业化初期,需要能够承受风险、愿意应对政策不确定性并接受较长回报周期的投资者。 对于太阳能、风能和电池储能等较为成熟的技术,关注点正转向成本效益和稳定回报,这使得它们对寻求可预测现金流的机构投资者更具吸引力。 伍德麦肯兹表示,投资集中在大型经济体,预计到2040年,中国、欧洲和美国将占全球资本支出的约70%。 预计仅中国就将占总支出的约30%,其重点是扩大电力系统、电气化和提高能效,以降低成本并提高供应安全。 发达市场的补贴和碳定价等政策正在推动低碳技术的应用。然而,要解决剩余的排放问题,需要更昂贵、更早期的解决方案。
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