-- 伍德麥肯茲(Wood Mackenzie)策略師週一在一份報告中指出,東南亞正開啟新一輪深水天然氣開發浪潮,旨在釋放約28兆立方英尺的資源。然而,脆弱的專案經濟效益和執行風險可能會考驗該地區的交付能力。 伍德麥肯茲表示,到2030年,這些計畫預計需要超過200億美元的投資,因為各國政府和業者都在尋求彌補日漸成熟的淺水和陸上氣田產量下降帶來的損失。 伍德麥肯茲高級研究分析師穆尼什·庫馬爾(Munish Kumar)表示:“東南亞的淺水和陸上天然氣田正在迅速成熟,這使得開發曾經被認為風險過高、成本過高的深水資源變得尤為必要。” 這項投資涵蓋印尼、馬來西亞和汶萊,標誌著伍德麥肯茲(Wood Mackenzie)所稱的亞洲「深水2.0」階段,此前在2008年至2017年間也曾出現過一波深水項目。 該顧問公司表示,先前的深水計畫雖然具備商業可行性,但由於監管、地質和商業方面的障礙,未能維持發展勢頭。 伍德麥肯茲分析師表示,此次重新聚焦深水工程正值能源安全問題日益嚴峻。 印尼的非伴生氣產量已較2018年的峰值下降超過12%,而汶萊在2030年後需要每天額外供應5億立方英尺天然氣才能維持液化天然氣出口。 馬來西亞也日益依賴海上開發,預計2027年,深水天然氣產量將佔其天然氣總產量的約20%。 伍德麥肯茲表示,主要開發項目包括印尼庫泰盆地的北加納爾(North Ganal)、拉帕克(Rapak)和加納爾(Ganal)項目,北蘇門答臘的南安達曼(South Andaman)氣田,汶萊的克利當(Kelidang)氣田,以及馬來西亞的羅斯瑪麗田-馬約拉姆(Rosmari-Maram)項目。 「這些項目將為國內市場和液化天然氣出口工廠提供關鍵的天然氣供應,以取代不斷下降的傳統天然氣產量,」庫馬爾表示。 營運商包括義大利埃尼集團(Eni)和殼牌(Shell)等全球能源巨頭,以及馬來西亞國家石油公司(Petronas)和阿布達比穆巴達拉能源公司(Mubadala Energy)等國家石油公司,後者正在該地區進軍深水開發領域。 然而,儘管大多數專案具有重要的戰略意義,但伍德麥肯茲公司表示,在基本假設條件下,這些專案的內部報酬率約為15%,低於全球同類深水開發專案的收益率。 專案經濟效益對成本超支、定價和延誤高度敏感。該顧問公司表示,資本支出增加20%,或天然氣價格或產量出現類似幅度的下降,都可能導致專案價值縮水約150%,而三年的延誤可能使收益減半。 「如果沒有漸進式的財政機制來分擔風險,幾乎沒有任何緩衝空間來應對執行失敗,」庫馬爾說。
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