-- 伍德麥肯茲顧問公司(Wood Mackenzie)策略師週一在一份報告中指出,儘管地緣政治局勢緊張,全球能源和基礎設施投資仍飆升至歷史新高,預計到2030年,年度資本支出將超過3.8兆美元。 然而,分析師表示,能源轉型將面臨一個關鍵的十年,其特點是「融資缺口」和優先事項的轉變,因為政策制定者需要在實現淨零排放目標和滿足眼前的能源安全需求之間尋求平衡。 伍德麥肯茲表示,到2060年,向清潔能源轉型可能需要累計投資130兆至175兆美元,年度支出機會為3兆至6兆美元。 該顧問公司建構了四種潛在的轉型情境模型,每種情境對投資的影響各不相同。基準情境名為“能源演進”,設想可再生能源將不斷擴張,但僅能滿足新增需求,將使全球氣溫上升約2.6攝氏度。 顧問公司表示,另一方面,如果採取與淨零排放目標一致的快速「能源創新」路徑,可以將全球升溫幅度控制在攝氏1.5度以內,但這需要對全球能源系統進行徹底轉型。 伍德麥肯茲的分析師表示,在這種情況下,大約一半的總資本支出需要用於電氣化和配套基礎設施,例如電網。 延遲轉型方案介於這兩種極端之間:一方面,能源安全風險導致化石燃料的使用延長;另一方面,則採取反映當前政策承諾的「國家承諾」路徑。 儘管再生能源發電仍吸引最大的資本份額,但伍德麥肯茲表示,對配套基礎設施的投資卻落後。 未來十年,電網、儲能係統和電動車充電網路將面臨最嚴峻的資金缺口。伍德麥肯茲的分析師表示,如果沒有這些設施,即使再生能源的快速部署也可能受到限制。 顧問公司表示,轉型某些領域的勢頭正在放緩。電動車支出低於先前預期,而石油和天然氣投資則在能源安全日益嚴峻的背景下,為滿足近期需求而增加。 同時,股權資本預計將發揮核心作用,尤其是在擴大綠色氫能和碳捕獲等早期技術的規模方面。這些產業仍處於商業化初期,需要能夠承受風險、願意應對政策不確定性並接受較長回報週期的投資者。 對於太陽能、風能和電池儲能等較成熟的技術,關注點正轉向成本效益和穩定回報,這使得它們對尋求可預測現金流的機構投資者更具吸引力。 伍德麥肯茲表示,投資集中在大型經濟體,預計2040年,中國、歐洲和美國將佔全球資本支出的約70%。 預計僅中國就將佔總支出的約30%,其重點是擴大電力系統、電氣化和提高能源效率,以降低成本並提高供應安全。 已開發市場的補貼和碳定價等政策正在推動低碳技術的應用。然而,要解決剩餘的排放問題,需要更昂貴、更早的解決方案。
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