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伊朗衝突持續擾亂能源市場,川普面臨5月1日最後期限

-- 隨著川普政府即將在5月1日前尋求國會授權繼續在伊朗進行軍事行動,一個關鍵的法律和經濟轉折點正在逼近。 據盛寶銀行分析師稱,“根據1973年《戰爭權力決議》,美國總統(唐納德·特朗普)必須在5月1日前尋求國會授權,以繼續對伊朗發動戰爭。該決議規定,如果沒有正式宣戰或其他授權,他必須在60天內停止任何軍事行動。” 這項由法律觸發的倒數計時,已經開始震動本已因霍爾木茲海峽實際關閉而緊張的全球能源市場。 根據1973年的法律,美國總統只有在特定且嚴格的條件下才能將軍事行動延長至60天之後。 一份聯邦政府文件明確了此類延期的嚴格門檻,指出:“如果總統認定並以書面形式向國會證明,出於維護美國武裝部隊安全的必要軍事需要,必須繼續使用這些武裝部隊以迅速撤離,則上述60天期限可延長不超過30天。” 儘管衝突不斷升級,國會尚未發布正式聲明。美國參議院網站指出,“國會上一次正式宣戰是在二戰期間。” 對能源市場而言,5月1日的最後期限是價格波動的根源。自2月28日衝突爆發以來,布蘭特原油價格已飆升至57%。 全球約20%的石油供應經由霍爾木茲海峽運輸,如果美軍在沒有穩定停火的情況下被迫撤離,則可能出現法律真空,從而引發油價的二次衝擊。 分析人士警告稱,如果政府無視最後期限或未能獲得授權,由此產生的法律灰色地帶可能導致難以預料的海上衝突。 這種不確定性導致油價持續高企,交易員們既要權衡迅速撤軍的可能性,又要考慮雙方尚未就下一輪和談何時舉行達成一致的情況下,局勢的不確定性。 然而,現代衝突很少像20世紀40年代的正式宣戰。國會擁有宣戰權,但此後通過了多項決議,允許在不正式宣戰的情況下,在不同的衝突中使用軍事力量。 這些衝突透過空襲和情報合作展開,政府可以透過辯稱其介入程度尚未達到敵對行動的級別,從而規避《戰爭權力決議》。 伊朗問題決議剝奪了這種彈性,因為川普政府在衝突爆發前並未獲得國會授權。它很可能會重申「根據美國憲法第一條第八款第十一項,國會擁有宣戰的唯一權力」這一前提。 對能源產業而言,這結果將決定油價是趨於穩定,還是會進入新一輪的戰時波動。

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