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伊朗冲突持续扰乱能源市场,特朗普面临5月1日最后期限

-- 随着特朗普政府即将于5月1日前寻求国会授权继续在伊朗开展军事行动,一个关键的法律和经济转折点正在逼近。 据盛宝银行分析师称,“根据1973年《战争权力决议》,美国总统(唐纳德·特朗普)必须在5月1日前寻求国会授权,以继续对伊朗发动战争。该决议规定,如果没有正式宣战或其他授权,他必须在60天内停止任何军事行动。” 这项由法律触发的倒计时,已经开始震动本已因霍尔木兹海峡实际关闭而紧张的全球能源市场。 根据1973年的法律,美国总统只有在特定且严格的条件下才能将军事行动延长至60天之后。 一份联邦政府文件明确了此类延期的严格门槛,指出:“如果总统认定并以书面形式向国会证明,出于维护美国武装部队安全的必要军事需要,必须继续使用这些武装部队以迅速撤离,则上述60天期限可延长不超过30天。” 尽管冲突不断升级,国会尚未发布正式声明。美国参议院网站指出,“国会上一次正式宣战是在二战期间。” 对于能源市场而言,5月1日的最后期限是价格波动的根源。自2月28日冲突爆发以来,布伦特原油价格已飙升高达57%。 全球约20%的石油供应经由霍尔木兹海峡运输,如果美军在没有稳定停火的情况下被迫撤离,则可能出现法律真空,从而引发油价的二次冲击。 分析人士警告称,如果政府无视最后期限或未能获得授权,由此产生的法律灰色地带可能导致难以预料的海上冲突。 这种不确定性导致油价持续高企,交易员们既要权衡迅速撤军的可能性,又要考虑双方尚未就下一轮和谈何时举行达成一致的情况下,局势的不确定性。 然而,现代冲突很少像20世纪40年代的正式宣战那样。国会拥有宣战权,但此后通过了多项决议,允许在不正式宣战的情况下,在不同的冲突中使用军事力量。 这些冲突通过空袭和情报合作展开,政府可以通过辩称其介入程度尚未达到敌对行动的级别,从而规避《战争权力决议》。 伊朗问题决议剥夺了这种灵活性,因为特朗普政府在冲突爆发前并未获得国会授权。它很可能会重申“根据美国宪法第一条第八款第十一项,国会拥有宣战的唯一权力”这一前提。 对于能源行业而言,这一结果将决定油价是趋于稳定,还是会进入新一轮的战时波动。

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